Ukuphosa kunye nenkqubo yokwenza
Kumsebenzi wesinyithi, ukugalela yinkqubo apho isinyithi elulwelo sisiwa kwisingundo (esihlala sisenziwa ngecrucible) esiqulathe uluvo olubi (okt, umfanekiso ongalunganga macala amathathu) wemilo ecetywayo.Intsimbi igalelwa kumngundo ngomjelo onomgongxo obizwa ngokuba yi-sprue.Isinyithi kunye nesikhunta emva koko zipholile, kwaye inxalenye yesinyithi (i-casting) ikhutshwe.Ukuphosa kudla ngokusetyenziswa ukwenza iimilo ezintsonkothileyo ezinokuba nzima okanye zingabinamali ukuzenza ngezinye iindlela.
Iinkqubo zokuphosa ziye zaziwa ngamawaka eminyaka, kwaye zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo (ingakumbi kwi-bronze), ubucwebe kwiintsimbi ezixabisekileyo, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo.Iipropathi ezinobunjineli obuphezulu zifunyanwa kwiipesenti ezingama-90 zempahla ehlala ixesha elide, kuquka iimoto, iilori, i-aerospace, oololiwe, imigodi nezixhobo zokwakha, imithombo yeoli, izixhobo zombane, imibhobho, iihydrants, iiinjini zomoya, izityalo zenyukliya, izixhobo zonyango, iimveliso zokhuselo, izinto zokudlala kunye Kaninzi.
Ubuchule bemveli bubandakanya ukujulwa kwewax elahlekileyo (enokwahlulwa kwakhona ibe yi-centrifugal casting, kunye ne-vacuum incedise ukugalela ngokuthe ngqo), ukuphosa ukungunda kwesamente kunye nokuphosa isanti.
Inkqubo yanamhlanje yokuphosa yohlulwe yaziindidi ezimbini eziphambili: ukuphosa okunokuchithwa kunye nokungasetyenziswayo.Iphinda idilizwe yimathiriyeli yokubumba, efana nesanti okanye isinyithi, kunye nendlela yokugalela, efana nomxhuzulane, ivacuum, okanye uxinzelelo oluphantsi.
I-Forging yinkqubo yokuvelisa ebandakanya ukubunjwa kwesinyithi kusetyenziswa amandla oxinzelelo asekuhlaleni.Izithonga zihanjiswa ngehamile (idla ngokuba yihamile yamandla) okanye idiyizi.Ukubumba kudla ngokuhlelwa ngokweqondo lobushushu okwenziwa ngalo: ukubunjwa okubandayo (uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi obandayo), ukubumba okufudumeleyo, okanye ukubumba okushushu (uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi oshushu).Kwezi zimbini zokugqibela, isinyithi sishushu, ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-forge.Amalungu abunjiweyo anokuba nobunzima ukusuka ngaphantsi kwekhilogram ukuya kumakhulu eetoni zemetriki.Iimveliso zemveli yayiziimpahla zasekhitshini, ihardware, izixhobo zesandla, izixhobo ezisemacaleni, amacangci, kunye nobucwebe.Ukususela kwi-Industrial Revolution, iinxalenye ezibunjiweyo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiindlela kunye noomatshini naphi na apho icandelo lifuna amandla aphezulu;ukubunjwa okunjalo kudla ngokufuna ukuqhubekeka phambili (okufana nomatshini) ukufezekisa indawo ephantse igqitywe.Namhlanje, ukubunjwa lishishini eliphambili kwihlabathi
Ukubunjwa kokungunda okunokuthengiseka luludwe lwamayeza afana nalawo aqhelekileyo aquka isanti, iplastiki, iqokobhe, udaka kunye notyalo-mali (ubuchule obulahlekileyo bewax).Le ndlela yokubumba i-mold ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-molds yesikhashana, engenakuphinda isetyenziswe.
Ukugalelwa kwesanti
Ukuphoswa kwesanti yenye yezona ntlobo zidumileyo kunye nezilula zokuphosa, kwaye isetyenziswe kwiinkulungwane.Ukuchithwa kwesanti kuvumela iibhetshi ezincinci kunokubunjwa ngokusisigxina kwaye ngexabiso elifanelekileyo kakhulu.Le ndlela ayivumeli kuphela abavelisi ukuba benze iimveliso ngexabiso eliphantsi, kodwa kukho ezinye iingenelo zokugalela isanti, ezifana nemisebenzi encinci kakhulu.Inkqubo ivumela ukujula okuncinci ngokwaneleyo entendeni yesandla somntu ukuya kwezo zinkulu ngokwaneleyo kuphela kwiibhedi zikaloliwe (i-casting enye inokudala ibhedi yonke yemoto kaloliwe enye).Ukugalelwa kwesanti kukwavumela ukuba uninzi lwesinyithi lugalelwe ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesanti esetyenziselwa ukubumba.
Ukuchithwa kwesanti kufuna ixesha elihamba phambili leentsuku, okanye iiveki ngamanye amaxesha, kwimveliso kwizinga eliphezulu lemveliso (i-1-20 iziqwenga / i-hr-mold) kwaye ayinakugqithiswa kwimveliso enkulu.Isanti eluhlaza (efumileyo), enombala omnyama, phantse ayinayo inxalenye yomlinganiselo wobunzima, ngelixa isanti eyomileyo inomlinganiselo olinganiselweyo wobunzima obuyi-2,300–2,700 kg (5,100–6,000 lb).Ubuncinci bobunzima buvela kwi-0.075-0.1 kg (0.17-0.22 lb).Isanti idityaniswa kusetyenziswa udongwe, izibophelelo zeekhemikhali, okanye i-oyile eyenziwe ngepolymerized (njenge-oyile yemoto).Isanti inokuphinda isetyenziswe amatyeli amaninzi kwimisebenzi emininzi kwaye ifuna ukulungiswa okuncinci.
Ukubumba i-loam
Ukubumba i-loam kusetyenziswe ukuvelisa izinto ezinkulu ezilinganayo ezifana ne-cannon kunye neentsimbi zecawa.Iloam ngumxube wodongwe kunye nesanti kunye neendiza okanye ubulongwe.Imodeli eveliswayo yenziwe kwizinto ezixubekileyo (ikhemikhali).Ukungunda kwenziwa malunga nale chemise ngokuyigquma nge loam.Oku kubhakwa (kugxothwe) kwaye ikhemisi isuswe.Umngundo ke umi nkqo emhadini phambi kweziko ukuze kugalelwe isinyithi.Emva koko ukungunda kuyaphulwa.Ukungunda ke ngoko kunokusetyenziswa kube kanye kuphela, ukuze kukhethwe ezinye iindlela kwiinjongo ezininzi.
Ukugalela i-Plaster mold
Ukugaywa kweplastikhi kuyafana nokugalelwa kwesanti ngaphandle kokuba i-plaster of paris isetyenziswa endaweni yesanti njengento yokubumba.Ngokuqhelekileyo, ifom ithatha ngaphantsi kweveki ukulungiselela, emva koko umlinganiselo wemveliso we-1-10 iyunithi / i-hr-mold ifunyenwe, kunye nezinto ezinkulu njenge-45 kg (99 lb) kunye ne-30 g encinci (1 oz) ngesiphelo esihle kakhulu somphezulu kunye nokunyamezelana okusondeleyo. [5]I-Plaster casting yindlela engabizi kakhulu kwezinye iinkqubo zokubumba kwiindawo ezinzima ngenxa yexabiso eliphantsi lodaka kunye nokukwazi ukuvelisa i-net shape castings.Eyona nto ingalunganga kukuba inokusetyenziswa kuphela kwindawo ephantsi yokunyibilika izinto ezingezizo i-ferrous, ezifana ne-aluminiyam, ikopolo, i-magnesium, kunye nezinc.
Ukubumba iqokobhe
Ukubumba iqokobhe kufana nokuphosa isanti, kodwa umngxuma wokubumba wenziwa “liqokobhe” lesanti eliqinileyo endaweni yeflask egcwele isanti.Isanti esetyenzisiweyo icolekile kunesanti yokuphosa isanti kwaye ixutywa nentlaka ukuze ibe nokufudunyezwa yipateni kwaye yomelele ibe yiqokobhe elijikeleze ipateni.Ngenxa yeresin kunye nesanti ecolekileyo, inika umphezulu ocolekileyo kakhulu.Inkqubo i-automation ngokulula kwaye ichaneke ngakumbi kunokuphosa isanti.Iintsimbi eziqhelekileyo eziphoswayo ziquka isinyithi, i-aluminium, i-magnesium, kunye ne-alloys zethusi.Le nkqubo ifanelekile kwizinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezincinci ukuya kubukhulu obuphakathi.
Ukusatshalaliswa kotyalo-mali
Ukuphoswa kotyalo-mali (okwaziwa njengokuphosa kwe-wax elahlekileyo kubugcisa) yinkqubo eye yenziwa amawaka eminyaka, kunye nenkqubo elahlekileyo yewax yenye yezona ndlela zindala zaziwayo zokubumba isinyithi.Ukususela kwiminyaka engama-5000 eyadlulayo, xa i-bewax isenza ipateni, ukuya kwii-wax zeteknoloji eziphezulu zanamhlanje, izinto eziphikisayo, kunye ne-alloys yeengcali, i-castings iqinisekisa ukuba amacandelo aphezulu avelisiweyo kunye neenzuzo eziphambili zokuchaneka, ukuphindaphinda, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokunyaniseka.
Ukwenziwa kotyalo-mali kufumaneka kwigama layo kwinto yokuba ipateni ityalwe, okanye irhangqwe, ngezinto ezichasayo.Iipateni ze-wax zifuna ukunakekelwa okugqithisileyo kuba azinamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuba zimelane nemikhosi edibana nayo ngexesha lokubumba.Enye inzuzo yokuphosa utyalo-mali kukuba i-wax ingaphinda isetyenziswe.
Inkqubo ifanelekile kwimveliso ephindaphindwayo yecandelo lemilo yomnatha ukusuka kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zetsimbi kunye ne-alloys ephezulu yokusebenza.Nangona ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa ukudubula okuncinci, le nkqubo isetyenziselwe ukuvelisa iifreyimu ezipheleleyo zeengcango zenqwelomoya, kunye neentsimbi zokusahlela ukuya kuma-300 kg kunye ne-aluminiyam yokusahlela ukuya kuma-30 kg.Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinkqubo zokuphosa ezifana ne-die casting okanye isanti casting, ingaba yinkqubo ebiza kakhulu.Nangona kunjalo, amacandelo anokuthi aveliswe kusetyenziswa utyalo-mali angabandakanya iikhontolo ezintsonkothileyo, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi amacandelo afakwe kufutshane nemilo yenethi, ngoko ke afuna ukuphinda kusetyenzwe kancinane okanye angabikho emva kokuba esakhiwe.
Ukubumba kunokuvelisa iqhekeza elomeleleyo kunesamente esilinganayo okanye inxalenye yomatshini.Njengoko isinyithi sibunjwa ngexesha lenkqubo yokubumba, ukuthungwa kwayo okuziinkozo kwangaphakathi kuguqula ukulandela imilo jikelele yenxalenye.Ngenxa yoko, ukuhluka kwe-texture kuyaqhubeka kuyo yonke inxalenye, kunika isiqwenga esineempawu zamandla eziphuculweyo.Ukongezelela, ukukhwabanisa kunokufikelela kwixabiso eliphantsi lilonke kunokuphosa okanye ukwenza.Ukuqwalasela zonke iindleko ezenziwe kumjikelezo wobomi bemveliso ukusuka ekuthengeni ukukhokelela ixesha lokuphinda usebenze, kunye nokulinganisa iindleko ze-scrap, kunye nexesha lokuphumla kunye nezinye izinto eziqwalaselwayo zomgangatho, iinzuzo zexesha elide zokukhwabanisa zinokugqithisa ukugcinwa kweendleko zexesha elifutshane. ukuba izinto ezenziwe ngesamente okanye ezenziweyo zinokunikela.
Ezinye iintsimbi zisenokwenziwa ngokubanda, kodwa i-iron kunye nentsimbi zisoloko zishushu zenziwe ngomkhandi.I-Hot forging ithintela ukuqina komsebenzi okuza kubangela ukubunjwa okubandayo, okuya kwandisa ubunzima bokwenza imisebenzi yesibini yomatshini kwiqhekeza.Kwakhona, ngelixa ukuqina komsebenzi kunokunqweneleka kwezinye iimeko, ezinye iindlela zokuqinisa isiqwenga, ezifana nokuphathwa kobushushu, ngokubanzi zinoqoqosho kwaye zilawuleka ngakumbi.Iialloyi ezikwaziyo ukuqiniswa kwemvula, njengezinto ezininzi ezixubene ne-aluminiyam kunye ne-titanium, zinokuba shushu, zilandelwe kukuqina.
Ukwenziwa kwemveliso kubandakanya inkcitho enkulu yoomatshini, izixhobo zokusebenza, amaziko kunye nabasebenzi.Kwimeko yokushisa okutshisayo, isithando somlilo esiphezulu (ngamanye amaxesha esibizwa ngokuba yi-forge) siyadingeka ukutshisa iingots okanye iibhilithi.Ngenxa yobukhulu beehamile kunye noomatshini bokwenza izinto ezinkulu kunye neendawo abanokuzivelisa, kunye nobungozi obukhoyo ekusebenzeni ngentsimbi eshushu, isakhiwo esikhethekileyo sihlala sifuneka ukuze kugcinwe umsebenzi.Kwimeko yemisebenzi yokuwisa, izibonelelo kufuneka zenziwe ukufunxa umothuko kunye nokungcangcazela okwenziwa sihamile.Uninzi lwemisebenzi yokubumba isebenzisa iintsimbi zokubumba isinyithi, ekufuneka zenziwe ngokuchanekileyo ngomatshini kwaye ziphathwe ngobushushu ngononophelo ukubumba ngokuchanekileyo i-workpiece, kunye nokumelana namandla amakhulu abandakanyekayo.
Ukuphosa iindawo nge
Inkqubo yomatshini yeCNC
I-GGG40 yentsimbi
CNC Machining iindawo
GS52 intsimbi yokugalela
iindawo zomatshini
Umatshini 35CrMo
i-alloy forging parts
