Amalungu entsimbi yekhabhoni
Intsimbi yeCarbon yintsimbi enomxholo wekhabhoni ukusuka malunga ne-0.05 ukuya kwi-3.8 yeepesenti ngobunzima.Inkcazo yentsimbi yekhabhoni evela kwi-American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) ithi:
1. akukho mxholo uncinci ochaziweyo okanye ofunekayo kwi-chromium, i-cobalt, i-molybdenum, i-nickel, i-niobium, i-titanium, i-tungsten, i-vanadium, i-zirconium, okanye nayiphi na enye into ekufuneka idibaniswe ukufumana i-alloying effect efunwayo;
2. ubuncinci obuchaziweyo bobhedu aludluli ipesenti ze-0.40;
3. okanye owona mxholo uphezulu ochaziweyo wayo nayiphi na kwezi zinto zilandelayo awugqithi kwiipesenti ezibonisiweyo: i-manganese yi-1.65 ekhulwini;i-silicon 0.60 ekhulwini;ubhedu 0.60 ekhulwini.
Igama elithi carbon steel linokusetyenziswa kwakhona ngokubhekiselele kwintsimbi engeyiyo insimbi engenasici;kolu setyenziso lwentsimbi yekhabhoni inokubandakanya iintsimbi zealloy.Intsimbi yekhabhoni ephezulu ineendlela ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo ezifana noomatshini bokugaya, izixhobo zokusika (ezifana neetshizi) kunye neengcingo zamandla aphezulu.Ezi zicelo zifuna i-microstructure ephucukileyo, ephucula ukuqina.
Njengoko umxholo wekhabhoni wepesenti ukhuphuka, insimbi inamandla okuba nzima kwaye yomelele ngokuphathwa kobushushu;nangona kunjalo, iba yi-ductile encinci.Kungakhathaliseki ukuba unyango lobushushu, umxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni unciphisa ukuwelda.Kwiintsimbi zekhabhoni, umxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni unciphisa indawo yokunyibilika.
Injongo yokushisa okunyanga i-carbon steel kukutshintsha iimpawu ze-mechanical zentsimbi, ngokuqhelekileyo i-ductility, ukuqina, amandla okuvelisa, okanye ukuchasana kwempembelelo.Qaphela ukuba i-conductivity yombane kunye ne-thermal iguqulwa nje kancinci.Njengazo zonke iindlela zokuqinisa intsimbi, i-Young's modulus (elasticity) ayichaphazeleki.Zonke unyango lwe-ductility yorhwebo yensimbi yokwandisa amandla kunye nokuchasene.Intsimbi ine-solubility ephezulu yekhabhoni kwisigaba se-austenite;ngoko ke lonke unyango lobushushu, ngaphandle kwe-spheroidizing kunye ne-process annealing, qala ngokufudumeza intsimbi kwiqondo lobushushu apho isigaba se-austenitic sinokubakho.Intsimbi ke iyacinywa (ubushushu obutsalweyo) ngesantya esiphakathi ukuya kwelisezantsi esivumela ikhabhoni ukuba isasazeke ngaphandle kwe-austenite eyenza i-iron-carbide (i-cementite) kwaye ishiye i-ferrite, okanye ngesantya esiphezulu, ibambe ikhabhoni ngaphakathi kwentsimbi ngaloo ndlela yenze i-martensite. .Isantya apho intsimbi ipholiswa khona ngeqondo lobushushu le-eutectoid (malunga ne-727 °C) lichaphazela izinga apho i-carbon ephuma khona ngaphandle kwe-austenite kwaye yenza i-cementite.Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza kuya kushiya i-iron carbide ihlakazeke kakuhle kwaye ivelise i-pearlite ecocekileyo kunye nokupholisa ngokukhawuleza kuya kunika i-pearlite enqabileyo.Ukupholisa insimbi ye-hypoeutectoid (ngaphantsi kwe-0.77 wt% C) iphumela kwisakhiwo se-lamellar-pearlitic ye-iron carbide layers kunye ne-α-ferrite (phantse intsimbi ecocekileyo) phakathi.Ukuba insimbi ye-hypereutectoid (ngaphezulu kwe-0.77 wt% C) ngoko isakhiwo sigcwele i-pearlite kunye neenkozo ezincinci (ezinkulu kune-pearlite lamella) ye-cementite eyenziwe kwimida yengqolowa.Insimbi ye-eutectoid (i-0.77% yekhabhoni) iya kuba nesakhiwo se-pearlite kuzo zonke iinkozo ezingenayo i-cementite kwimida.Izixa ezihambelanayo zabavoti zifunyenwe kusetyenziswa umgaqo we-lever.Oku kulandelayo luhlu lweentlobo zonyango lobushushu obunokwenzeka.
Intsimbi ye-alloy yintsimbi edityaniswe neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto kwiimali ezipheleleyo phakathi kwe-1.0% kunye ne-50% ngobunzima bokuphucula iimpawu zayo zoomatshini.Iintsimbi ze-alloy zahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini: iintsimbi eziphantsi kunye neentsimbi eziphezulu ze-alloy.Umahluko phakathi kwezi zimbini uyaphikiswa.USmith noHashemi bachaza umahluko kwi-4.0%, ngelixa i-Degarmo, et al., Ichaza kwi-8.0%.Ngokuqhelekileyo, ibinzana elithi "intsimbi ye-alloy" libhekisela kwiintsimbi eziphantsi kwe-alloy.
Ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, zonke iintsimbi ziyi-alloy, kodwa ayizizo zonke iintsimbi ezibizwa ngokuba yi "alloy steels".Iintsimbi ezilula kakhulu ziyintsimbi (Fe) edibeneyo nekhabhoni (C) (malunga ne-0.1% ukuya kwi-1%, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo).Nangona kunjalo, igama elithi "insimbi ye-alloy" ligama eliqhelekileyo elibhekiselele kwiintsimbi kunye nezinye izinto ezixutywayo zongezwa ngamabomu ngaphezu kwekhabhoni.I-alloyants eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-manganese (eyona iqhelekileyo), i-nickel, i-chromium, i-molybdenum, i-vanadium, i-silicon, kunye ne-boron.I-alloyants engaqhelekanga ziquka i-aluminiyam, i-cobalt, ubhedu, i-cerium, i-niobium, i-titanium, i-tungsten, i-tin, i-zinc, i-lead, kunye ne-zirconium.
Oku kulandelayo luhlu lweepropathi eziphuculweyo kwiintsimbi ze-alloy (njengoko kuthelekiswa ne-carbon steels): amandla, ukuqina, ukuqina, ukumelana nokugqoka, ukuxhathisa kwe-corrosion, ukuqina, kunye nobunzima obushushu.Ukufezekisa ezinye zezi zakhiwo eziphuculweyo isinyithi sinokufuna ukunyangwa kobushushu.
Ezinye zezi zifumene ukusetyenziswa kwizinto ezingaqhelekanga nezifuna kakhulu, njengakwiincakuba zeinjini yomoya weenjini zejethi, nakwizixhobo zenyukliya.Ngenxa yeepropathi ze-ferromagnetic zentsimbi, ezinye iialloys zetsimbi zifumana izicelo ezibalulekileyo apho iimpendulo zazo kwimagnetism zibaluleke kakhulu, kubandakanywa kwiimotor zombane nakwi-transformers.
I-Spheroidizing
I-Spheroidite yenza xa i-carbon steel ifudunyezwa malunga ne-700 °C ngaphezu kweeyure ezingama-30.I-Spheroidite inokwakheka kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kodwa ixesha elifunekayo linyuka kakhulu, njengoko le yinkqubo elawulwa yi-diffusion.Isiphumo sisakhiwo seentonga okanye iisphere ze-cementite ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sokuqala (i-ferrite okanye i-pearlite, kuxhomekeke kwicala le-eutectoid okhoyo).Injongo kukuthambisa iintsimbi zekhabhoni eziphezulu kunye nokuvumela ukumila ngakumbi.Le yeyona ndlela ithambileyo kwaye ininzi ye-ductile yentsimbi.
Ukuhlamba ngokupheleleyo
Intsimbi yekhabhoni ifudunyezwa malunga ne-40 °C ngaphezu kwe-Ac3 okanye i-Acm iyure enye;oku kuqinisekisa ukuba yonke i-ferrite iguqulwa ibe yi-austenite (nangona i-cementite isenokubakho ukuba umxholo wekhabhoni mkhulu kune-eutectoid).Intsimbi ke kufuneka ipholiswe ngokucothayo, kwindawo ye-20 °C (36 °F) ngeyure.Ngokuqhelekileyo isithando somlilo esipholileyo, apho isithando somlilo sicinywa kunye nentsimbi engaphakathi.Oku kubangela ulwakhiwo olurhabaxa lwepearlitic, okuthetha ukuba "iibhendi" zepearlite zityebile.Insimbi ene-annealed ngokupheleleyo ithambile kwaye i-ductile, ayinaxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, oluhlala luyimfuneko ekuqulunqweni kweendleko.Kuphela yintsimbi ene-spheroidized ethambileyo kwaye i-ductile.
Inkqubo annealing
Inkqubo esetyenziselwa ukukhulula uxinzelelo kwintsimbi yekhabhoni ebandayo engaphantsi kwe-0.3% C. Intsimbi idla ngokufudumeza ukuya kwi-550-650 ° C ngeyure eli-1, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha amaqondo okushisa aphezulu njenge-700 ° C.Umfanekiso osekunene[ingcaciso efunekayo] ibonisa indawo apho inkqubo yokuhlanjululwa kwenzeka khona.
Isothermal annealing
Yinkqubo apho intsimbi ye-hypoeutectoid ifudumeza ngaphezu kobushushu obuphezulu.Eli qondo lobushushu ligcinwa kangangexesha elithile lize lincitshiswe libe ngaphantsi kweqondo lobushushu elisezantsi kwaye liphinde ligcinwe.Emva koko ipholiswe kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi.Le ndlela iphelisa nayiphi na iqondo lokushisa.
Ukuqheleka
Intsimbi yekhabhoni ifudunyezwa malunga ne-55 °C ngaphezu kwe-Ac3 okanye i-Acm iyure enye;oku kuqinisekisa intsimbi iguqula ngokupheleleyo ukuba austenite.Intsimbi ke ipholiswa ngumoya, nto leyo engumlinganiselo wokupholisa omalunga nama-38 °C (100 °F) ngomzuzu.Oku kubangela ulwakhiwo oluhle lwepearlitic, kunye nolwakhiwo olulinganayo.Intsimbi eqhelekileyo inamandla angaphezulu kunentsimbi ene-annealed;inamandla aphakamileyo kunye nokuqina.
Ukucima
Intsimbi yeCarbon enobuncinci be-0.4 wt% C ifudunyezwa kwiqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo kwaye emva koko iphole ngokukhawuleza (icinywe) emanzini, i-brine, okanye i-oyile kwiqondo lokushisa elibalulekileyo.Ukushisa okubalulekileyo kuxhomekeke kumxholo wekhabhoni, kodwa njengomgaqo jikelele uphantsi njengoko umxholo wekhabhoni ukhula.Oku kubangela ulwakhiwo lwe-martensitic;uhlobo lwentsimbi enomxholo wekhabhoni ohluthike kakhulu kwi-cubic (BCC) enomzimba okhubazekileyo wekristale, ebizwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokuba yi-body-centered tetragonal (BCT), enoxinzelelo oluninzi lwangaphakathi.Ngaloo ndlela intsimbi ecinyiweyo ilukhuni ngokugqithisileyo kodwa intlanzana, idla ngokuba brittle kakhulu ngeenjongo eziphathekayo.Olu xinzelelo lwangaphakathi lunokubangela ukuqhekeka koxinzelelo kumphezulu.Intsimbi ecinyiweyo iphantse yaqina ngokuphindwe kathathu (ezine ngekhabhoni engaphezulu) kunentsimbi eqhelekileyo.
Ukurhweba (marquenching)
I-Martempering ayisiyonkqubo yokuthoba, kungoko igama elithi marquenching.Luhlobo lonyango lobushushu be-isothermal olusetyenziswa emva kokucinywa kokuqala, ngokuqhelekileyo kwibhafu yetyuwa etyhidiweyo, kwiqondo lobushushu elingaphezulu nje kweqondo lobushushu lokuqala "le-martensite".Kweli qondo lobushushu, uxinezeleko olushiyekileyo ngaphakathi kwemathiriyeli luyakhululeka kwaye i-bainite inokuthi yenziwe ukusuka kwi-austenite egciniweyo engazange ibenalo ixesha lokuguqula ibe nayiphi na enye into.Kwishishini, le yinkqubo esetyenziselwa ukulawula i-ductility kunye nokuqina kwempahla.Ngokumakisha ixesha elide, i-ductility iyanda ngokulahleka okuncinci kwamandla;intsimbi ibanjwe kwesi sisombululo de kube ukushisa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kwenxalenye kulingane.Emva koko intsimbi ipholiswa ngesantya esiphakathi ukugcina iqondo lobushushu lincinci.Le nkqubo ayigcini nje ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo, kodwa ikwanyusa ukuchasana kwempembelelo.
Ukufudumeza
Olu lolona nyango luqhelekileyo lobushushu oludibana nalo, kuba iimpawu zokugqibela zinokumiselwa ngokuchanekileyo ngubushushu kunye nexesha lobushushu.Ukufudumeza kubandakanya ukufudumeza intsimbi ecinyiweyo kwiqondo lobushushu elingaphantsi kobushushu be-eutectoid emva koko ukupholisa.Iqondo lokushisa eliphakamileyo livumela ukuba kwenziwe i-spheroidite encinci kakhulu, ebuyisela i-ductility, kodwa iyanciphisa ubunzima.Amaqondo obushushu kunye namaxesha akhethwe ngononophelo kudidi ngalunye.
I-Austempering
Inkqubo yokunciphisa iyafana ne-martempering, ngaphandle kokuba ukucima kuphazamisekile kwaye intsimbi ibanjwe kwibhafu yetyuwa etyhidiweyo kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwe-205 °C kunye ne-540 °C, kwaye ipholiswe ngesantya esiphakathi.Intsimbi ebangelwayo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-bainite, ivelisa i-acicular microstructure kwintsimbi enamandla amakhulu (kodwa ngaphantsi kwe-martensite), i-ductility enkulu, ukuchasana kwempembelelo ephezulu, kunye nokuphazamiseka okuncinci kunentsimbi ye-martensite.Ukungalungi kwe-austempering kunokusetyenziswa kuphela kwiintsimbi ezimbalwa, kwaye kufuna ibhafu ekhethekileyo yetyuwa.
Carbon steel cnc
ityholo elijikayo lifuna ishafti
Carbon steel cnc
machining anodizing emnyama
Bush iindawo nge
unyango blackening
Ukujika kweCarbon steel
iindawo ezine hexgon bar
Intsimbi yekhabhoni
Izixhobo zokulungisa ze-DIN
Intsimbi yekhabhoni
ukwenza iindawo zomatshini
Carbon steel cnc
iindawo eziguqukayo ngephosphating
Bush iindawo nge
unyango blackening
